The fifth edition of the World Ocean Review (WOR) focuses on Coasts – the areas where land and sea meet and merge. e. Their shape and appearance is in constant flux, changing quite naturally over periods of millions or even just hundreds of years. In some places coastal areas are lost, while in others new ones are formed.
World Ocean Review 2017
The fifth edition of the World Ocean Review (WOR) focuses on Coasts – the areas where land and sea meet and merge. e. Their shape and appearance is in constant flux, changing quite naturally over periods of millions or even just hundreds of years. In some places coastal areas are lost, while in others new ones are formed.
Today the coastal areas of the world are intensively
used. They supply the bulk of the world’s wild-caught fish.
In fact, 90 per cent of global fishery takes place in coastal
waters. Another use of great economic significance is the
drilling of natural gas and oil in coastal areas.In the past few years, coastal waters have become
increasingly attractive sites for the harnessing of wind energy
to generate electricity. Another resource supplied by coasts are mineral raw materials,
particularly sand and gravel, which are used in concrete manufacturing, as filling sand on building sites, or for
hydraulic filling to create new port or industrial sites on the
coast. In many places, human use of the coasts is exceeding
their carrying capacity. The sources of pressure on these
habitats are multifarious. High levels of nutrients are discharged
into the sea from untreated effluents, from intensively
fertilized agricultural lands or from aquaculture. This
leads to eutrophication and to severe algal blooms. Pollutants
from industrial processes that seep into coastal
waters also pose a threat. These include heavy-metal compounds
or persistent chemical substances that accumulate
in the food chain and can give rise to illnesses like cancer.
Added to these problems caused locally or regionally by
human activities in coastal areas are those which are driven
by the global phenomenon of climate change: ocean warming,
ocean acidification and sea-level rise. How severely
these consequences of climate change will affect coastal
habitats depends to a great extent on how much carbon
dioxide (CO2) is released into the Earth’s atmosphere in
future.Besides this, coasts are exposed to natural
hazards such as earthquakes, landslides or tsunamis
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